一、何为行政强制执行
行政强制执行是指行政机关或者行政机关申请人民法院，对不履行行政决定的公民、法人或者其他组织，依法强制履行义务的行为。行政强制执行的方式包括：（1）加处罚款或者滞纳金；（2）划拨存款、汇款；（3）拍卖或者依法处理查封、扣押的场所、设施或者财物；（4）排除妨碍、恢复原状；（5）代履行；（6）其他强制执行方式。
二、行政强制执行的实施主体
具有直接强制执行权的机关（例如公安、国安、税务、海关、县级以上政府等）原则上只能自己强制执行，不能申请法院执行。
无直接强制执行权的机关，原则上只能申请人民法院强制执行。
三、行政强制执行的具体实施
（一）行政机关自行开展强制执行
1.前提条件
（1）当事人在行政机关决定期限内不履行义务。
（2）行政机关有直接强制执行权。
2.主要流程
（1）书面催告。行政机关作出强制执行决定前，应当事先催告当事人履行义务。在催告期间，有证据证明当事人有转移或隐匿财物迹象的，可以作出立即强制执行决定。
（2）听取当事人陈述、申辩。行政机关对当事人提出的事实、理由和证据，应当进行记录、复核，并采纳当事人提出的合理主张。
（3）开展行政强制执行。经催告，当事人逾期仍不履行行政决定，且无正当理由的，行政机关可以作出、实施强制执行决定。
3.限制条件
（1）行政机关不得在夜间或者法定节假日实施行政强制执行。但是，情况紧急的除外。
（2）行政机关不得对居民生活采取停止供水、供电、供热、供燃气等方式迫使当事人履行相关行政决定。
（3）对违法的建筑物、构筑物、设施等需要强制拆除的，应当由行政机关予以公告，限期当事人自行拆除。当事人在法定期限内不申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼，又不拆除的，行政机关可以依法强制拆除。
（二）行政机关申请法院强制执行
1.申请法院强制执行条件
（1）行政机关应当为无直接强制执行权的行政机关。
（2）当事人不复议、不诉讼、不履行、期满后3个月内申请法院强制执行。
（3）申请法院强制执行前，应当先书面催告当事人履行，催告后10日当事人仍未履行的，再申请法院强制执行。
2.申请法院强制执行流程
（1）提出申请。由行政机关向法院提供下列材料：强制执行申请书；行政决定书及其事实、理由、依据；当事人意见及行政机关催告情况；执行标的情况；法院要求的其他材料。
（2）法院受理。人民法院接到行政机关强制执行的申请，应当在5日内受理。人民法院裁定不予受理的，行政机关可在15日内申请上一级法院复议，上一级法院应当自收到复议申请之日起15日内作出是否受理的裁定。
（3）裁定执行。人民法院对行政机关强制执行的申请一般只进行书面审查。若发现行政机关存在明显缺乏事实、法律依据或者明显违法并损害被执行人合法权益的行为，在作出裁定前可以听取被执行人和行政机关的意见。
人民法院应当自受理之日起30日内作出是否执行的裁定。不予执行的，应当说明理由，并在5日内将不予执行的裁定送达行政机关。行政机关对不予执行的裁定有异议的，可以自收到裁定之日起15日内向上一级人民法院申请复议，上一级人民法院应当自收到复议申请之日起30日内作出是否执行的裁定。
（4）情况紧急，为保障公共安全，行政机关可以申请人民法院立即执行。经人民法院院长批准，人民法院应当自作出执行裁定之日起五日内执行。
四、当场收缴罚款的适用
符合如下三种情形，行政机关及其执法人员可以当场收缴罚款：
1.按照简易处罚程序当场作出行政处罚决定时，依法给予100元以下的罚款。
2.依照简易处罚程序当场作出行政处罚决定时，不当场收缴事后难以执行。需要注意的是，该种情形下，执法人员当场收缴罚款的数额受到一定的限制，其应当符合行政处罚法第五十一条关于罚款数额的规定，即对公民处以200元以下对法人或者其他组织处以3000元以下的罚款。
3.在边远、水上、交通不便地区，行政机关及其执法人员作出罚款决定后，当事人到指定的银行或者通过电子支付系统缴纳罚款确有困难，经当事人提出，行政机关及其执法人员可以当场收缴罚款。如果当事人未提出当场缴纳罚款的要求，行政机关及其执法人员不得当场收缴罚款。
需注意，行政机关及其执法人员当场收缴罚款的，必须向当事人出具国务院财政部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府财政部门统一制发的专用票据；不出具财政部门统一制发的专用票据的，当事人有权拒绝缴纳罚款。执法人员当场收缴的罚款，应当自收缴罚款之日起二日内，交至行政机关；在水上当场收缴的罚款，应当自抵岸之日起二日内交至行政机关；行政机关应当在二日内将罚款缴付指定的银行。
Helper | Key Points for Administrative Organs to Carry Out Administrative Enforcement Work·What is administrative enforcement?
Administrative enforcement refers to the performance of obligations as legally enforced by administrative organs or by the people’s courts upon applications of administrative organs against citizens, legal persons or other organizations which do not perform administrative decisions. Manners of administrative enforcement include: (a) Impose additional fines or late fees; (b) Transfer of deposits or remittances; (c) Auction or legal disposition of premises, facilities or properties that are seized or impounded; (d) Removal of the nuisance or restoration; (e) Performance on behalf of the party concerned; (f) Other manners of enforcement.
·The implementing subject of administrative enforcement
In principle, the organs with direct enforcement power (such as public security, national security, taxation, customs, governments above the county level, etc.) can only enforce by themselves and cannot apply to the court for enforcement.
In principle, the organs without direct enforcement power may only apply to the people’s court for enforcement.
·The specific implementation of administrative enforcement
1.Administrative organs carry out enforcement by themselves.
(1) Preconditions
a.The party does not perform his obligations within the time limit decided by the administrative organ.
b. The administrative organ has the right of direct enforcement.
(2) Main Processes
a.A letter of prompting. An administrative organ shall prompt the party to perform obligations before making a decision on enforcement. During the period of prompting, if there is evidence on any sign of transfer or concealment of properties, the administrative organ may make a decision on immediate enforcement.
b.Hear the statements and defenses of the party. An administrative organ shall record and review the facts, reasons and evidence raised by the party, and adopt the reasonable claims raised by the party.
c.Carry out administrative enforcement. After being prompted, if the party still fails to perform an administrative decision within the prescribed time limit without any justifiable reason, the administrative organ may make and perform a decision on enforcement.
（3）Restrictions
a. Administrative organs shall not conduct administrative enforcement at night or on a statutory public holiday, except for emergency.
b. Administrative organs shall not force the party to perform the relevant administrative decisions by such means as cutting off the supply of water, electricity, heating or gas for the living of residents.
c. For an illegal building, structure or facility, among others, which needs to be dismantled by force, an administrative organ shall make an announcement to set a time limit for the party concerned to dismantle it. If the party fails to apply for administrative reconsideration or initiate an administrative lawsuit within the statutory time limit, and does not dismantle it, the administrative organ may forcibly dismantle it according to law.
2. Administrative organs apply to the court for enforcement.
(1) Conditions of application for court enforcement
a.The administrative organ shall be the administrative organ without direct enforcement power.
b.If the party does not apply for administrative reconsideration or lawsuit, does not perform an administrative decision, and the administrative organ applies to the court for enforcement within 3 months after the expiry of the time limit.
c.Before applying to the court for enforcement, the party should be prompted in writing to perform and if the party fails to perform within 10 days after the prompting, the administrative organ can apply to the court for enforcement.
(2) The process of applying to the court for enforcement
a.Submit an application. The administrative organ which applies to the people’s court for enforcement shall provide the following materials: (a) A written application for enforcement; (b) A written administrative decision, and the facts, reasons and basis for making the decision; (c) Opinions of the party and information on prompting by the administrative organ; (d) Information on the subject matter of enforcement upon application; (e) Other materials as prescribed by the court.
b.Court Acceptance. The people’s court shall accept an application of an administrative organ for enforcement within 5 days after receiving it. If the people’s court rules to refuse to accept, the administrative organ may apply to the people’s court at the next higher level for reconsideration within 15 days, and the people’s court at the next higher level shall make a ruling on whether to accept the application for enforcement within 15 days after receiving the reconsideration application.
c.Adjudication enforcement. The people’s court generally only conducts a written review of applications for enforcement by the administrative organ. If it is found that the administrative organ has an obvious lack of facts or legal basis or other obvious violation of law and damage to the legitimate rights and interests of the party, the opinion of the party and the administrative organ can be heard before making a ruling.
The people’s court shall make a ruling on whether to conduct enforcement within 30 days after acceptance. If the enforcement is not granted, it shall give reasons for such a ruling, and serve the non-enforcement ruling on the administrative organ within 5 days. If the administrative organ raises any objection to the ruling of the people’s court on non-enforcement, it may, within 15 days after receiving the ruling, apply to the people’s court at the next higher level for reconsideration, and the people’s court at the next higher level shall, within 30 days after receiving the application for reconsideration, make a ruling on whether to conduct enforcement.
d.In urgent circumstances and in order to ensure public security, an administrative organ may apply to the people’s court for immediate enforcement. The people’s court shall, with the approval of the president of the people’s court, conduct enforcement within 5 days from the date on which the enforcement ruling is made.
·Application of fines collected on the spot
In the following three situations, the administrative organ and its law enforcement officers can collect the fine on the spot:
1.When an administrative penalty decision is made on the spot according to the summary penalty procedure, a fine of not more than 100 yuan is given according to the law.
2.When making an administrative penalty decision on the spot according to the summary penalty procedure,it is difficult to carry out the decision if the fine is not collected on the spot. It should be noted that in this case, the amount of fines collected by law enforcement officers on the spot is subject to certain restrictions, which should comply with the provisions of Article 51 of the Administrative Penalties Law on the amount of fines, that is, a fine of less than 200 yuan for citizens and less than 3,000 yuan for legal persons or other organizations.
3.After a decision on fine is made by the administrative organ and its law enforcement officers, it is indeed difficult for the party to pay the fine to the bank designated or through the electronic payment system in a remote area, on water or in an inaccessible area, the administrative organ and its law enforcement officers may, as requested by the party, collect the fine on the spot. If the party doesn’t make a request to pay the fine on the spot, the administrative organ and its law enforcement officers shall not collect the fine on the spot.
It should be noted that if the administrative organ and its law enforcement officers that collect a fine on the spot must issue a special receipt uniformly made by the public finance department under the State Council, or the public finance department of the people’s government of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government; and where no special receipt uniformly made by the public finance department is issued, the party shall have the right to refuse to pay the fine. Fines collected by a law enforcement officer on the spot shall be turned over to the administrative organ within two days from the date on which the fines are collected; fines collected on the spot on water shall be turned over to the administrative organ within two days from the date of landing; and the administrative organ shall, within two days, turn over the fines to the bank designated.
本期撰稿：许灿虎 本期译稿：解 佳、张 川 本期编辑：尤喆
