一、电力用户参与云南电力市场化交易后的电费主要构成
根据相关电力市场化政策文件的内容，电力用户作为电力市场交易的主体，电费主要由如下方面构成：电能电费、偏差电费、输配电费、线损电费、基本电费、力调电费、辅助服务费用、政府性基金及附加、系统平衡调节资金提取费用等。
1.电能电费：又叫“电度电费”，是用户按实际用电量（用电度数）计算的电费部分。该电费单价取决于用户参与市场化交易后所购得的电价水平。
2.偏差电费：用户预先购买的电量与最终实际用电量有差额，当差额超过一定比例，而用户需承担偏差考核（补偿）的一种费用。
3.输配电费：是电网经营企业提供接入系统、联网、电能输送和销售服务的费用，简单来说就是电网企业为用户提供将电从电厂传输至用户的输配电服务而收取的费用。
4.线损电费：指电能在输送和配送的过程中各个元件所产生的功率损失和电能损失以及其他损失，其中应由用户承担的费用即是线损电费。
5.基本电费：是指按用户用电容量计算的电费。基本电费可以按变压器容量计费,也可按最大需量计费。
6.力调电费：指供电企业根据电力用户一段时间内（如一个月或年）所使用的有无功电量来计算其平均功率因数，并据此收取的相应电费。
7.辅助服务费用：是指为维持电力系统安全稳定运行，保证电能质量，促进清洁能源消纳，除正常电能生产、输送、使用外，由火电、水电、核电、风电、光伏发电、光热发电、抽水蓄能、自备电厂等发电侧并网主体，电化学、压缩空气、飞轮等新型储能，传统高载能工业负荷、工商业可中断负荷、电动汽车充电网络等能够响应电力调度指令的可调节负荷（含通过聚合商、虚拟电厂等形式聚合）提供的服务所产生的费用。
8.政府性基金及附加：指依照法律、行政法规的规定在一定期限内向电力用户征收的、专项用于特定公共事业的发展资金和附加征收的税费。政府性基金及附加主要由农网还贷资金、国家重大水利工程建设基金、大中型水库移民后期扶持基金、地方水库移民后期扶持基金、可再生能源发展基金、云南省地方水利建设基金等构成。
9.系统平衡调节资金提取费用：是指根据云南电力市场运行客观实际和需要，统筹降成本和稳供应，统筹省内用电和西电东送，所设立的用于调节云南电力市场平衡稳定的费用。调节资金来源于：一是云南电力市场不平衡资金；二是固定提取资金部分；三是其他提取部分。云南电力市场系统平衡调节机制分为发电侧调节机制和用电侧调节机制两类。发电侧调节机制主要包括发电侧调节价格机制、发电侧调节电量机制、火电存煤激励机制和发电侧长期备用补偿机制等；用电侧调节机制由云南省能源局根据市场发展情况，另行制定方案逐步探索开展需求侧管理。
二、政策依据
1.中共中央 国务院《关于进一步深化电力体制改革的若干意见》第三条第（一）款：“参与电力市场交易的用户购电价格由市场交易价格、输配电价（含线损）、政府性基金三部分组成。”
2.《电力中长期交易基本规则》第四十条，“市场用户的用电价格由电能量交易价格、输配电价格、辅助服务费用、政府性基金及附加等构成，促进市场用户公平承担系统责任。输配电价格、政府性基金及附加按照国家有关规定执行。”
3.《2019年云南电力市场化交易实施方案》之附件6《云南电力市场计量和结算实施细则》第四十二条：“直接进入市场化交易的用户和售电公司服务用户，交易中心按照购电主体结算步骤出具用户侧电费明细单，主要包含电能电费、偏差电费、输配电费、线损电费、基本电费、力调电费、政府性基金及附加、系统平衡调节资金提取费用等。”
4.《2020年云南电力市场化交易实施方案》之附件5《云南电力市场计量与结算》第四十九条：“直接进入市场化交易的用户和售电公司服务用户，交易中心按照购电主体结算步骤出具用户侧电费明细单，主要包含电能电费、偏差电费、输配电费、线损电费、基本电费、力调电费、政府性基金及附加、系统平衡调节资金提取费用等。”
5.《2021年云南电力市场化交易实施方案》之附件3《云南电力市场零售交易管理办法》第三十九条：“零售用户到户电费包括电能电费、输配电费（含基本电费）、基金及附加、力调电费等。输配电费（含基本电费）、基金及附加、力调电费根据用户实际用电情况与政府核定价格标准计算。用户峰谷电价差额资金、偏差电量结算差额资金不参与力调电费计算。”
6.《2021年云南电力市场化交易实施方案》之附件4《云南电力市场系统平衡调节机制管理办法》第二条、第三条和第四条规定：为提高云南电力系统供应保障能力，建立云南电力市场系统平衡调节机制。云南电力市场系统平衡调节机制分为发电侧系统平衡调节机制（简称“发电侧调节机制”）和用电侧系统平衡调节机制（简称“用电侧调节机制”）两类。根据云南电力市场运行客观实际和需要，统筹降成本和稳供应，统筹省内用电和西电东送，设立市场平衡稳定调节资金池（简称“调节资金”）。调节资金来源：（一）云南电力市场不平衡资金（简称“不平衡资金部分”）。（二）固定提取资金部分。（三）其他提取部分。
7.《电力辅助服务管理办法》第二十四条 电力用户签订的带负荷曲线电能量交易合同中应明确承担电力辅助服务的责任和费用等相关条款，并满足所参与电力辅助服务的技术要求，参照发电企业标准进行补偿和分摊，随电力用户电费一并结算。电费账单中单独列支电力辅助服务费用。费用补偿和分摊可采取以下两种方式。
（1）电力用户直接承担方式：与电力用户开展电能量交易的发电企业相应交易电量不再参与电力辅助服务费用分摊，由电力用户按照当地实施细则有关规定分摊电力辅助服务费用。
（2）电力用户经发电企业间接承担方式：电力用户与发电企业开展电能量交易时约定交易电价含电力辅助服务费用的，发电企业相应交易电量应继续承担电力辅助服务费用分摊。电力用户也可与发电企业自行约定分摊比例，在各自电费账单中单独列支。
Helper | What Are the Main Components of Electricity Charges Involved in the Market-oriented Electric Power Transaction of Yunnan?
Ⅰ. The main components of electricity charges after power users participate in Yunnan market-oriented electric power transaction
According to the contents of the relevant market-oriented power policy documents, power users as the main body of the electricity market transaction, the electricity charge is mainly composed of the following aspects: electric energy charge, deviation electricity charge, electric power transmission and distribution charge, line loss electricity charge, basic electricity charge, power factor adjusted electricity charge, auxiliary service charge, government funds and surcharges, fees withdrawal for system balance regulation fund, etc.
1. Electricity energy charge: also known as " electrical degree charge", is the part of the electricity charge calculated by the user according to the actual electricity consumption (number of degrees of electricity). The unit-price of electricity depends on the level of electricity price purchased by users after participating in market-oriented transactions.
2. Deviation electricity charge: there is a difference between the amount of electricity purchased by the user in advance and the final actual electricity consumption. When the difference exceeds a certain proportion, the user needs to bear the cost of deviation assessment (compensation).
3. Power transmission and distribution charge: It refers to the fee charged by power grid enterprises for providing access system, networking, power transmission and sales services. In short, it refers to the fees charged by power grid enterprises for providing power transmission and distribution services from power plants to users.
4. Line loss electricity charge: refers to the power loss, electric energy loss and other losses caused by each element in the process of transmission and distribution of electric energy. Among these losses, the cost should be borne by the user is the line loss electric charge.
5. Basic electricity charge: refers to the electricity charge calculated according to the user's electricity capacity. The basic electricity charge can be charged according to the transformer capacity or the maximum demand.
6. Power factor adjusted electricity charge: refers to the corresponding electricity fees charged by the power supply enterprise based on the average power factor calculated by the active and reactive energy used by the power user in a period of time (such as one month or year).
7. Auxiliary service charge: refers to the cost of maintaining the safe and stable operation of the power system, ensuring the quality of electric energy, and promoting the consumption of clean energy. In addition to the normal production, transmission and use of electric energy, it also includes the costs incurred by the following services: (1) Thermal power, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, photovoltaic power generation, solar-thermal power generation, pumped storage, captive power plant and other grid-connected entities at the power generation side; (2) Electrochemical, compressed air, flywheel and other new energy storage; (3) Traditional high-capacity industrial load, industrial and commercial interruptible load, electric vehicle charging network and other adjustable loads that can respond to power dispatching instructions (including aggregation through aggregators, virtual power plants and other forms).
8. Government funds and surcharges: it refers to the development funds and additional taxes specifically used for specific public utilities that are collected from power users within a certain period of time in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. The government funds and surcharges are mainly composed of the loan repayment fund of the rural electric grid, the national major water conservancy project construction fund, the late-stage support fund for large-and-medium-sized reservoir resettlement, the late-stage support fund for local reservoir resettlement, the renewable energy development fund, and the local water conservancy construction fund in Yunnan Province.
9. Fees withdrawal for system balance regulation fund: it refers to the expenses set up to adjust the balance and stability of Yunnan electric power market according to the objective reality and needs of Yunnan electric power market, as well as the overall planning of cost reduction and stable supply, as well as the overall planning of power consumption in the province and power transmission from the west to the east. The adjustment funds come from: (1) The unbalanced funds in Yunnan electric power market; (2) The fixed withdrawal of funds; (3) Other extraction parts. The system balance regulation mechanism of Yunnan power market can be divided into two types: generation- side regulation mechanism and consumption-side regulation mechanism. The generation-side regulation mechanism mainly includes the generation-side regulation price mechanism, the generation-side regulation energy mechanism, the thermal power coal storage incentive mechanism and the generation-side long-term reserve compensation mechanism etc. As for the power side regulation mechanism, Yunnan Provincial Energy Administration will formulate a separate plan to gradually explore and carry out demand-side management according to the market development.
Ⅱ. Policy basis
1. Article 3 (1) of the Several Opinions on Further Deepening the Reform of the Electric Power System proposed by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council stipulates that: "The electricity purchase price of users participating in the electricity market transaction consists of three parts: market transaction price, transmission and distribution price (including line loss), and government funds."
2. Article 40 of the Basic Rules for Medium and Long Term Trading of Electric Power stipulates that: "The electricity price of market users consists of electricity energy trading price, transmission and distribution price, auxiliary service cost, government funds and surcharges, etc., to promote market users to bear the system responsibility fairly. The transmission and distribution price, government funds and surcharges shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state."
3. In the Implementation Plan of Yunnan Market-oriented Electric Power Transaction in 2019, Article 42 of Annex 6 “Implementation Rules for Measurement and Settlement of Yunnan Electric Power Market” stipulates that: "For the users who directly enter the market-oriented transaction and the users who are served by the power selling company, the transaction center will issue the detailed list of electricity charges at the user side according to the settlement steps of the power purchasing entity, which mainly includes the electric energy charge, deviation electricity charge, electric power transmission and distribution charge, line loss electricity charge, basic electricity charge, power factor adjusted electricity charge, auxiliary service charge, government funds and surcharges, fees withdrawal for system balance regulation fund, etc."
4. In the Implementation Plan of Yunnan Market-oriented Electric Power Transaction in 2020, Article 49 of Annex 5 “Measurement and Settlement of Yunnan Electric Power Market” stipulates that: "For the users who directly enter the market-oriented transaction and the users who are served by the power selling company, the transaction center will issue the detailed list of electricity charges at the user side according to the settlement steps of the power purchasing entity, which mainly includes the electric energy charge, deviation electricity charge, electric power transmission and distribution charge, line loss electricity charge, basic electricity charge, power factor adjusted electricity charge, auxiliary service charge, government funds and surcharges, fees withdrawal for system balance regulation fund, etc."
5. In the Implementation Plan of Yunnan Market-oriented Electric Power Transaction in 2021, Article 39 of Annex 3 “Measures for the Administration of Retail Transactions in Yunnan Electric Power Market” stipulates that:" Household electricity charges for retail users include electric energy charge, electric power transmission and distribution charge (including basic electricity charges), funds and surcharges, and power factor adjusted electricity charge, etc. " Electric transmission and distribution charges (including basic electricity charges) , fund and surcharge, and the power factor adjusted electricity charge are calculated according to the actual power consumption of users and the price standard approved by the government. The difference fund of peak and valley electricity price and the difference fund of deviation electricity settlement of users shall not participate in the calculation of power adjustment electricity fees."
6. In the Implementation Plan of Yunnan Market-oriented Electric Power Transaction in 2021, Article 2, Article 3 and Article 4 of Annex 4 “Management Measures for the System Balance Regulation Mechanism of Yunnan Electric Power Market” stipulates that in order to improve the supply guarantee capacity of Yunnan electric power system, the system balance and regulation mechanism of Yunnan power market should be established. The system balance regulation mechanism of Yunnan electric power market is divided into two types: the generation-side system balance regulation mechanism (referred to as "generation-side regulation mechanism") and the consumer-side system balance regulation mechanism (referred to as "consumer-side regulation mechanism"). According to the objective reality and needs of the operation of Yunnan electric power market, should make overall plans to reduce costs and stabilize supply, coordinate the use of electricity in the province and the transmission of electricity from the west to the east, and set up a market balance and stability regulation fund pool (referred to as "regulation fund"). Source of adjustment funds: (1) Unbalanced funds in Yunnan electric power market (referred to as "unbalanced funds"). (2) Fixed withdrawal of funds. (3) Other extracted parts.
7. Article 24 of the Measures for the Management of Electric Power Auxiliary Services stipulates that “The electric energy trading contract with load curve signed by electric power users shall clearly define the responsibilities and costs of the electric power auxiliary services and other relevant provisions, and meet the technical requirements of the electric power auxiliary services they participate in. The compensation and allocation shall be made according to the standards of power generation enterprises, and shall be settled together with the electric power charges of electric power users. The electric auxiliary service fees shall be separately listed in the electric bill. The following two methods can be adopted for cost compensation and allocation.
(1) Directly undertaken by power users: the corresponding transaction volume of power generation enterprises that carry out electric energy transactions with power users will no longer participate in the allocation of electric power auxiliary service costs, and the electric power users will share the electric power auxiliary service costs in accordance with the relevant provisions of the local implementation rules.
(2) Indirectly undertaken by power users through power generation enterprises: if the power users and power generation enterprises agree that the transaction price includes the cost of power auxiliary services when conducting power energy transactions, the power generation enterprises shall continue to bear the share of the cost of power auxiliary services in the corresponding transaction amount. Power users can also agree with the power generation enterprises on their own share proportion and separately list the expenses in their respective electricity bills.”
本期撰稿：李鹏吒
本期译稿：张 川
本期编辑：尤 喆
