问 题
公司在开展招标过程中，时常会收到投标人所提各类异议(投诉、举报等)，为此，公司作为招标人需花费大量精力对异议事项进行核实，但核实后往往有相当一部分的异议属于供应商恶意提出。对此，招标人如何才能有效减少投标人恶意异议行为的发生？
分 析
根据《招投投标法》第六十五条规定，“投标人和其他利害关系人认为招标投标活动不符合本法有关规定的，有权向招标人提出异议或者依法向有关行政监督部门投诉。”因此，在招标投标法律法规语境下，投标人向招标人提出的“异议”、“投诉”、“举报”等，不论材料如何称谓，本质上均属于异议；而投标人向行政监管部门提出的“异议”、“投诉”、“举报”，一般均属于投诉。而就恶意异议，参照《招标投标法实施条例》第六十一条第三款等关于恶意投诉的规定，主要情形为：一是异议人捏造事实进行异议，二是异议人伪造材料进行异议，三是异议人以非法手段取得证明材料进行异议。对于投标人恶意提出异议如何处置，招标投标法律法规亦未作出规定，对此需招标人参照招标投标法律法规以及政府采购法律法规有关恶意投诉的规定，采取相关措施减少投标人恶意异议行为的发生。
建 议
在当前法律法规没有作出具体规定的情况下，招标人如何通过自身行为有效减少投标人恶意提出异议，笔者提出以下建议供参考：
（一）建立健全供应商异议制度，并依法依规受理异议
一是参照招标投标法律法规有关异议的范围、异议人主体资格、异议时限、招标人受理及答复时限等相关规定，建立健全公司投标人异议制度，规范供应商异议处理。二是建议异议受理单位或部门严格按照相关规章制度或者工作指引、作业指导书等对投标人异议进行审查受案，核实异议人的主体是否适格，异议事项是否符合异议范围，异议是否在时限内提起，以及所提交资料形式及内容等是否符合规范等，对于不符合受案条件的异议不予受理。严格加强异议受案管理，敢于说“不”，减少不符合条件的异议被受理。
（二）进一步完善供应商管理制度、招标文件模板等关于异议事项的内容，增加投标人恶意异议的成本
法律对恶意异议的处理无明文规定，恶意异议的成本过低，系造成投标人恶意异议的重要原因。对此，招标人可以参照《政府采购法实施条例》第七十三条、《政府采购质疑和投诉办法》第三十七等规定，在供应商管理制度、招标文件模板中明确规定，若投标人存在恶意异议行为被查实，将被扣减信用分值，甚至被禁止1至3年内参加招标人组织的有关采购活动，给招标人造成损失的，应当赔偿损失。
（三）加大对反恶意异议行为的宣传力度
招标人应加大对反恶意异议相关事项进行宣传，通过采购平台首页提示、向已注册供应商发送短信以及在招标文件模板中明确标注等方式开展宣传，提示投标人应当通过正确的途径和方法进行异议，鼓励公平竞争，同时宣传恶意异议可能面临的不良后果及法律责任，营造良好的竞争环境。（四）加大对恶意异议行为的打击力度
发现投标人系恶意进行异议的，招标人对其异议应予驳回。就符合招标文件约定条件或采购平台公示制度规定条件的，对投标人恶意异议的不良行为进行记录，扣减其信用分值；情节严重的，限制其在一定时期内参与招标人公司系统采购活动；若影响采购进程给招标人造成损失的，追究其相关民事责任。
（五）提高招标人相关从业人员的专业素养和风险意识
招标人应重点加强采购从业人员的相关培训，提高其业务水平，强化其法律意识和风险意识，尽可能减少因招标人自身在招标活动中存在不规范或者工作纰漏造成的异议行为，并提升对投标人异议的处理能力，提升工作效率。
Helper | How to Effectively Reduce the Occurrence of Malicious Objection Behavior of the Tenderer?
Issue
In the process of bidding, the company often receives all kinds of objections (complaints, reports, etc.) from the tenderer, for which the company as a tenderee needs to spend a lot of energy to verify the objections. But after verification, a considerable portion of objections are often raised by suppliers maliciously. In this regard, how can the tenderee effectively reduce the occurrence of malicious objection behaviors from the tenderer?
Analysis
According to Article 65 of the Bidding Law of the People's Republic of China that “If the tenderer or any other interested parties believe that a bidding has been conducted in violation of this law, he shall be entitled to raise objections to the tenderee or file a complaint to the relevant administrative departments of supervision.” Therefore, in the context of bidding laws and regulations, the tenderer raise "objections", "complaints", "reports", etc. to the tenderee, regardless of how the material is called, which belong to the objection essentially. But the tenderer raise "objections", "complaints", "reports" to the administrative supervision, which belong to the complaint generally.As for malicious objections, with reference to the provisions of Article 61(3) of the Regulation on the Implementation of the Bidding Law, the main circumstances are: a)the objector fabricated facts to raise objection, b)the objector falsified materials to raise objection, c)the objector obtained certification materials by any other illegal means to raise objection.For how to deal with malicious objections of the tenderer, bidding laws and regulations also do not provide. In this regard, the tenderee need to refer to the bidding laws and regulations and government procurement laws and regulations on malicious complaints, and take relevant measures to reduce the occurrence of malicious objections of tenderer.
Suggestion
In the absence of specific provisions in the current laws and regulations, the tenderee how to effectively reduce the malicious objections of the tenderer through their own behaviors, the author proposes the following recommendations for reference.
1. Establish a supplier objection system and accept objections in accordance with the laws and regulations.
First, with reference to the bidding laws and regulations on the scope of objections, the subject qualifications of objector, the time limit for objections, the tenderee's acceptance and response time limit and other relevant provisions, establish the company tenderer's objection system and standardized handling of supplier objections. Second, it is recommended that the objection receiving unit or department should strictly in accordance with the relevant rules and regulations or work guidelines, operating instructions, etc. to review and accept cases of the tenderer objections, and verify whether the subject of the objector is eligible, whether the objection is in line with the scope of the objection, whether the objection is filed within the limit time, as well as the form and content of the submitted materials are in line with the norms, etc. The objections that do not meet the conditions of acceptance will not be accepted. Strictly strengthen the management of objections to be accepted, dare to say "no", and reduce the ineligible objections are accepted.
2. Further improve the supplier management system, bidding document templates and other content on objection matters， increase the cost of the tenderer’s malicious objections.
The law does not explicitly provide for the handling of malicious objections and the cost of malicious objections is too low, which are important reasons for malicious objections raised by the tenderer. In this regard, the tenderee can refer to Article 73 of the Regulations for the Implementation of the Government Procurement Law and Article 37 of the Measures for Challenges and Complaints Against Government Procurement, it is clearly stipulated in the supplier management system and bidding document templates that if a tenderer is found to have malicious objection behavior, it will be deducted from the credit score and even banned from participating in the relevant procurement activities organized by the tenderee for 1 to 3 years, and if it causes losses to the tenderee, it shall compensate for the losses.
3. Increase the publicity of anti-malicious objection behavior.
The tenderee should increase publicity on matters related to anti-malicious objections, through the procurement platform home page prompt, send SMS to registered suppliers and clearly mark in the bidding document template to carry out publicity, remind the tenderer should object through the right way and method, encourage fair competition, and publicize the possible adverse consequences and legal liability of malicious objections, create a good competitive environment.
4. Increase the fight against malicious objection behavior.
If the tenderer is found to have a malicious objection, the tenderee shall reject the objection. If the conditions agreed in the bidding documents or the conditions stipulated in the public announcement system of the procurement platform are met, the bad behavior of the tenderer's malicious objection will be recorded and the credit score will be deducted; if the circumstances are serious, they will be restricted from participating in the procurement activities of the tenderee’s' company system within a certain time; if the tenderer affects the procurement process and cause losses to the tenderee, the tenderer will be held responsible for the relevant civil liabilities.
5. Improve the professionalism and risk awareness of relevant practitioners of the tenderee.
The tenderee should focus on strengthening the relevant training of procurement practitioners, improving their professional skill, strengthening their legal awareness and risk awareness, minimizing the objection behaviors caused by the tenderee's irregularities or work errors in the bidding activities, and enhancing the ability to handle tenderer’s objections and improving work efficiency.
本期撰稿：许灿虎
本期译稿：张 川、解 佳
本期编辑：尤 喆
